This means attaching two authentication factors to a message One way to strengthen a password-based authentication system is two-factorĪuthentication. Gains access to one account, he can then gain access to many others. Many users will use the same password for various accounts, once an attacker Her old password, that her account is compromised.Īnd of course, all of these problems are exacerbated by password reuse. Her account until she can convince Bob, through means other than knowledge of The attacker can change the password, effectively cutting off Alice's access to Has the password, he gains full access to the account. phishing), amongĪnother issue with password-only based authentication is that once an attacker However, as static knowledge factors, passwords are susceptible toīrute-force attacks, guessing, and social engineering (e.g. Of that, they are the most commonly used form of authentication on the Passwords are simple to implement, and require no specialized hardware. Hash of the password with the hash of the correct password that it has storedĪnd if they match, Alice's message is authenticated. Typically,Īlice sends Bob her password along with the message, and Bob then compares a Static Knowledge Factors: Passwords and Secret QuestionsĪ password is a secret key that is shared between Alice and Bob. This can be done through use of TLS/SSL, for Throughout this article, assume that the originator and receiver can establishĪ secure channel of communication. Profile pictures change over time, this is also a dynamic knowledge factor. Your friends based on their profile pictures. Knowledge factors used for authentication would be Facebook asking you identify Payment is made, this shared knowledge changes. The last payment made to aĬredit card is dynamic, in contrast to passwords, because every time a new Receiver and originator change the shared password. Passwords are static knowledge factors because they only change when the Static factors are knowledge factors that do not naturally change over time. Knowledge factors can in turn be categorized as static and dynamic. Inherent Factors Something inherent to the originator. Examples are badges, ID cards,Ĭellphones, keys, etc. Ownership Factors Something that the originator owns. Examples are passwords, birth dates, firstĬar's model, friend's faces, and amount of last payment made to a creditĬard. There are three general types of authentication factors: Knowledge Factors Something the originator knows. In practice, that usually ends up being the login message, andĮverything after will be authenticated using the token instead while the login Login message, he generates a login token which will usually be valid forĪn amount of time which Bob decides on based on security needs, and sometimesīased on whether Alice included a "remember me" option in her login message.īut for the purposes of this article, the exact process is besides the pointĪnd we can simplify things to Bob needing to authenticate a single message fromĪlice. ID and a hash of her password, and after Bob verifies the authenticity of the Instead, she will send a login message to Bob containing her Of course, in practice, Alice would not attach her password to every message The most common authentication factor used (at least on the web) is a Each such attached piece of information is called an authenticationįactor. Receiver, wanting to confirm that the originator of a message he receives,Ĭlaiming to be from Alice, is truly Alice.Īuthentication is often done by attaching information to transmitted The problem of authentication is that of Bob, the Alice is called the originatorĪnd Bob the receiver. Scenario of Alice sending a message to Bob. First, let'sĭefine the problem of authentication. One-time passwords are used as ownership authentication factors. Jump to the HMAC-Based One-Time Password Algorithm (HOTP) section. Of theory, so if you are already familiar with the terminology and the basics, The first few sections provide an introduction to authentication methods and a bit On GitHub at and you can access a live version of the The source code for the example demo is available The slides for this project are available here. The example uses Flask, pyotp, and qrcode and is hosted on Google Authenticator based two-step verification on a website is given in Implementations using HOTP and TOTP algorithms. Introduction to two-step authentication, its advantages, and its This post is based on my project's report, and is an Time-Based One-Time Passwords (TOTP) which are used by Google Authenticator for Project to work on for my cryptography course, I decided to do it on Online accounts, well the ones that support it anyway, for a couple of years now,Īnd have been encouraging friends to use it as well. I have been using Google Authenticator to secure most of my
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